Key Issues Influencing Localization Commerce Essay

Key Issues Influencing Localization Commerce Essay The speed at which universal business happens has expanded generously and worldwide administrators need to respond all the more rapidly to financial, key and authoritative goals than in the past as it is increasingly exorbitant to commit errors today. The expense of turning around a choice because of the speed of worldwide business commits making such errors amazingly exorbitant as while firms fix issues, contenders flood ahead. Normalization of MNCs is generally characterized as normalization of auxiliaries towards following in accordance with HQ rehearses. Effective chains, for example, Mc Donalds have normalized items and the board rehearses over the world and simultaneously taking into account a neighborhood adjustment to the practices to suit nearby needs. Most MNCs ordinarily limit their showcasing, advancement and conveyance rehearses despite the fact that they have a worldwide promoting procedure. Reconciliation/responsiveness banter can't be settled by pronouncing one positi on increasingly significant that the other (Bartlett Goshal). To be really effective in the globalized world, MNC are required to adjust between the two. Worldwide organizations must conclude whether to deal with their auxiliaries dependent on neighborhood culture or to make them all in accordance with the worldwide normalization and choose which course is progressively powerful and proficient for them. MNCs have significant points of interest contrasted with nearby based organizations as they have past understanding from home nations and administrative information and spread prescribed procedures around the globe (Martin Beaumont, 1998). Host nations anyway represent a few new factors that directors must consider to balance the impact of normalization (Quintanilla and Ferner, 2003). Changes in the vital direction of MNCs as reflected in expanded degrees of interdependencies between hierarchical (sub-) units will therefore depend on IHRM to help accomplish this parity. HR the board is viewed as the most delicate to nearby setting (Gooderham et al. 1999). Weights to embrace worldwide procedures require more significant level of worldwide intergration of key HRM - forms. Numerous MNCs have moved towards all the more profoundly incorporating these HRM rehearses however face obstruction because of nearby culture, enactment and custom (Lindohlm et al. 1999). Various ways to deal with HRM in MNCs are firmly identified with worldwide procedures of the firm (Downling et a. 1999; Scullion 1999). For instance, organizations with an ethnocentric methodology award little capacity to their outside auxiliaries and key positions are satisfied with PNC nationals, i.e exiles. For instance, Eons key staff in Malaysia are satisfied by Japanese ostracizes. Then again organizations with polycentric approaches permit significant choices to be made by neighborhood workers and key positions are held by nearby staff. This prompts increasingly limited arrangements in the HR M. Regiocentric and geocentric methodologies are comparative where key positions and arrangements are chosen by staff of a similar area or area. The key issue is the degree to which MNCs should take their worldwide joining (normalization) versus nearby responsiveness. Worldwide administration is muddled because of the measurements in question and the troublesome issues of methodology plan and usage. Worldwide chiefs anyway need to distinguish the open doors covered up in the complexities of such global circumstances. This paper will be isolated into two sections, the first looks at the key issues that impact the level of limitation. Besides, the paper looks at worldwide methodologies towards expanding worldwide normalization of HRM while adjusting limitation so as not to bargain neighborhood responsiveness. In the two sections, the paper will go look at the job HRM plays towards accomplishing normalization and confinement. Thirdly, it will analyze circumstances of when best to move towards restriction as opposed to normalization and the other way around. 2.0 Key issues impacting restriction Unmistakable nearby culture and inspiration for neighborhood workers may not be like that of the nation of origin making it hard to apply comparative motivating forces and anticipate a similar result. Hofstede depicted national culture as the aggregate mental programming which recognizes one country from another. The issue is how much impact social contrasts would bring to the working environment. Various methodologies towards community and individualistic societies, as indicated by Hofstedes will make various exchange focuses for supervisors to consider. A few societies are individualistic where filling in as an individual is more acknowledges while some are collectivist. Human asset the executives has viewpoints that are lawfully and socially dictated by the host nation however is as yet liable for the procedure and usage plan (Stone, 2008). It along these lines must figure out what kind of technique would work in the host nation. For instance, in Hong Kong as a proportion of decre asing staff turnover, HRM offered a $1000 increase towards a dental arrangement, accordingly the companys turnover diminished by 4% (Medland, 2004). While such a recommendation may not work across different nations, it demonstrates that directors should know about the various inspirations in various nations and why pay and work conditions ought not be normalized in MNCs. Examination should be done to distinguish inspirations like the dental work conspire in Hong Kong. There are three alternate points of view for getting decent variety: the social viewpoint, the institutional viewpoint and the system point of view (Evans et al. 2002). In the social point of view, people are refined through a socialization procedure where they impart qualities and convictions with which he uses to decipher the world otherwise called mental programming (Hofstede 1985). It is in this way improper to take the board rehearses created in one culture and apply them on another and anticipate similar outcomes (Hofstede, 1985). Social contrasts should be considered, as a portion of these practices may not be generally welcomed in the new auxiliary. Individuals from that auxiliary may see these sort of practices as irregular and it may not be generally welcomed and lead to sudden outcomes thwarting a subsidiarys execution. From the social point of view broad worldwide normalization of HRM-rehearses, won't be a simple fit between hierarchical practices and the nearby culture. Be that as it may, the social viewpoint doesn't consider the capacity of individuals from various societies adjusting to outside practices (Evans et al. 2002). The institutional point of view takes a more extensive perspective on the national setting where it distinguishes that the way to understanding business in an outside nation lies in the relationships between's money related, training, lawful, financial, and political frameworks (Evans et al. 2002). The degrees to which MNCs can actualize their worldwide measures are intently attached to the idea of these foundations. For instance, the relative quality or shortcoming of these establishments in applying effect on the capacity of a MNC to import its own ways to deal with HRM. This is regularly the situation when MNCs attempt to place ostracizes in key positions leaving neighborhood staff in the more modest positions. Regularly these foundations will apply impact and move towards constraining MNCs to prepare or utilize staff to fill such positions. The system point of view shows that MNCs are not just impacted by the accepted practices and societies of their nation of origin yet in addition by industry guidelines (Evans et al. 2002). This impacts the measure of normalization ready to be executed by MNCs or powers them to give such normalization. The social and institutional point of view help distinguish the confinement needs inside the HRM-work; the system viewpoint recognizes the job of interorganizational arranges in characterizing the idea of enterprises and authoritative practices. Key purposes behind a limitation approach inside HRM incorporate issues, for example, being receptive to the neighborhood specialists and foundations. Staying aware of general feeling by giving advantages to the neighborhood masses, for example, openings for work and giving a more elevated level of hierarchical duty among local people are additionally prime purposes behind limitation of HRM rehearses (Evans et al 2002). In any case, there are frequently issues with this as finding reasonable up-and-comers with the fundamental abilities may demonstrate troublesome. For instance in China, a significant issue is the absence of appropriate up-and-comers given a deficiency of finding mid-level and top-level administration. http://www.bizresearchpapers.com/17[1].Plessis.pdf 3.0 Global methodologies toward expanding worldwide normalization A significant issue that universal supervisors face is powers that require both nearby responsiveness and worldwide incorporation of auxiliaries with the general structure of a MNE. MNEs must discover approaches to consolidate their firm-explicit capacities with neighborhood information to make the best incentive to suit the nearby culture and its needs. A few auxiliaries have made a layer where they have been secluded from the general structure of a MNE that it is probably not going to participate and impart information to different units of the MNE. This is especially the situation where auxiliaries have contended with one another for assets from central command which advance between unit contention (Fairclough and Boussebaa, 2010). MNes need to utilize the qualities of its inward system set up over its auxiliaries. Administrators need to boost similarity among interior specialists and boost coordination between its inward operators. The test for worldwide administrators is to cult ivate a feeling of coopetition between these auxiliaries and planning control structure to execute to encourage this relationship. Whenever planned mistakenly, these structures can possibly make an irreconcilable circumstance in the auxiliary, making it center its assets to its own advantage instead of that of its parent compan

The Google Maps Road Rally Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Google Maps Road Rally - Essay Example Austin spreads into 271.8 squares miles in which 6.9 square miles possesses the water. Austin is situated close to Colorado River alongside three delightful counterfeit lakes prefixing with lake named as Bird Lake, Austin, and Walter E. Long. Google maps give the area of lake Austin as appeared in the underneath figure from the site of Google maps in the wake of zooming the area. There is wonderful wildflower knoll and bush/sapling living space is advancing as the trees develop in stretch of riverbank other than Colorado River. Different species is likewise indicating nearness. Natural decent variety, better water quality, improvement in oxygen level and flood control is additionally useful keeping up practical environment in zone. The repository made in 1939 backings the power age and flood control estimation in the territory. Mount Bonnell is somewhere else of enthusiasm for the region of Lake Austin to fill in as watchtower for the city tenants. This serves to give touring to the guests from the tallness of 780-feet with moniker Covert Park in the region of 5.36 sections of land to appreciate the nature’s magnificence present in encompassing slopes (â€Å"Google Maps†). Populace of city is commanded by 63.7% of White Americans in which 49.9% are non-Hispanic as indicated by the overview of 2005-07. The Hispanic populace adds to the 30.5% of the populace. Climate state of city underpins the commonness of subtropical damp atmosphere that can give radiant days across more often than not in the year. Snowfalls are uncommon however, it happens at the interim of two years. City organization includes the individual from gathering to keep up the administration and law in the Austin. Politically the city stays isolated into the gatherings of preservationist and advertisers of urban progression (â€Å"Google Maps†). Monetarily Austin stays one of the flourishing city of the US going about as center for cutting edge organizations including IT monsters, for example, Dell, IBM, Motorola, HP, Apple. College of Texas stays one

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Attend KelloggLearn to Ski

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Attend KelloggLearn to Ski When you think “skiing,” you probably think of the Alps or the Rockies. We are guessing that you do not think of Evanston, Illinois, home of the Kellogg School of Management. Well, students may not do their skiing in Evanston proper, but a remarkable 750+ first- and second-year students participate in  Kelloggs annual ski trip, which, according to students we interviewed, is “the largest group ski booking in the country.” This student-run trip, organized by Kelloggs Ski and Snowboard Club, has been held at Steamboat in Colorado, Whistler in British Columbia, Canada, and other top skiing locales.  For the 2011 trip, the participating students traveled to Telluride, Colorado, where they stayed in mountainside condos. Students who wish to ski can avail themselves of three-, four- or even five-day passes, while nonskiers can enjoy activities such as cooking classes, snowshoe lessons and spa treatments (at reduced prices). The 2012 trip will be held at the Steamboat Resort in Colo rado December 15-21. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids Northwestern University (Kellogg)

Theme Of Family Dysfunction In As I Lay Dying - 1023 Words

In As I Lay Dying, by William Faulkner the reader gets to see how hard life is for the Bundren family. The Bundren’s face many obstacles throughout the book and somehow manage to come through most of them okay. The family fulfills their desires along the way to relieve them of these struggles. The main theme in As I Lay Dying is family dysfunction, and this family dysfunction leads to Darl’s insanity. Family Dysfunction is the main theme in As I Lay Dying. The reader can see this from the beginning when Cash is building a coffin outside his mother’s window, where she can see it. Surprisingly, Addie does not seem offended of her son building her casket outside the window. Right before she dies, she asks her husband to do her a favor and†¦show more content†¦The reader can see when Vardaman wants a toy train because he says, â€Å"The train is behind the glass, red on the track† (66). Cash wants to buy a record player. They buy cement to put over Cash’s leg instead of bandaging it up. Later, Anse sells Jewel’s beloved horse in order to buy a new team of mules. Another example, is when Addie speaks. She speaks to reveal her selfishness. She admits to having an extramarital affair with the local preacher, who is Jewel’s biological father. The reader can see this when Addie says, â€Å"I gave Anse Dewey Dell to negative Jewel. Then I gave hi m Vardaman to replace the child I had robbed him of† (176). Further, Addie admits that she wants to be buried in Jefferson because she wants to spend eternity as far away from the Bundren’s as possible. Poor or no communication creates intense barriers of misunderstanding and resentment between family members. Particularly between siblings who are rivals fighting for their mother’s love. Personal needs trump familial duties, though these selfish acts are masked with the pretense of devotion. The Bundren family’s journey to Jefferson is driven by familial duty, not by familial love. This family dysfunction throughout the book helps develop the character of Darl. Was Darl’s motive in burning the barn simply an indication of his madness? Or was he motivated by all the sacrifices everybody made to get his mother’s rotten body to Jefferson? Probably in Darl’s mind that was aShow MoreRelatedSymbolism in as I Lay Dying1066 Words   |  5 Pa gesAs I Lay Dying Essay In the novel As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner each chapter is written through a different characters perspective. The book follows the Bundrens family on their journey to fulfill Addies dying wish. There were many motifs and themes throughout the book but one of the most important ones was the use of symbolism. Cashs tools and Anses farm equipment symbolizing their stability becomes threatened from the carelessness of the Bundrens journey. The coffin stood the burdenRead MoreEssay on The Symbolism of Moseley in As I Lay Dying569 Words   |  3 Pages In William Faulkners As I Lay Dying, Moseley provides the reader an escape from the delusional world of the Bundrens and a glimpse of society, as it should be. Appearing only once in the novel, the elderly pharmacist is essential in emphasizing Faulkners theme of moral values over self-seeking voracity in that he defends what he knows is right at all costs. Moseley is introduced in the small town of Mottson, where Dewey Dell wanders into his drugstore store with ten dollars from Lafe, and theRead MoreWilliam Faulkner s As I Lay Dying1671 Words   |  7 PagesNoncommunication in As I Lay Dying William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying is a novel originally published in 1930 depicting a rural family of seven from Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, who are awaiting the impending death of the mother figure, Addie Bundren. She has procured a promise from her husband, Anse, to take her body to her hometown of Jefferson, Mississippi for burial, a forty-mile distance. Upon her death, the family places her body into a homemade coffin, loads it onto a mule-pulled farmRead More`` The Day They Tied Me Up ``3896 Words   |  16 Pagesautobiographical poems mostly of sexual or violent nature and personal experience. She particularly resonates with women readers and women’s connections with family members and lovers of the past and present through physical, sexual, and emotional means. She writes frequently about her sadistic, alcoholic father and victimized mother. Her dysfunctional family plays an enormous role in her poetry, especially in â€Å"The Day They Tied Me Up.† This poem is inspired by true events and the feelings and emotions feltRead MoreCialis Case Essay9153 Words   |  37 Pagesallow it to pursue a broad market. ED-A Treatable Medical Condition When Pfizer created a little blue pill called Viagra, it produced a widely used oral treatment for a medical condition rarely discussed in public-male impotence, or erectile dysfunction (ED). For men who suffer from ED, the process by which increased blood can flow to tissue necessary for attaining an erection is impaired . Most cases of ED are associated with another medical disease, certain medications, or lifestyle factors suchRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 PagesClark. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 1-57230-963-6 ISBN-13: 978-1-57230-963-0 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59385-375-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-59385-375-4 (paperback) 1. Cognitive therapy. 2. Obsessive–compulsive disorder. I. Title. RC489.C63C57 2004 616.85†²2270651—dc22 2003020283 To my parents, Albert and Ardith, for their support and encouragement About the Author About the Author David A. Clark, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Psychology, UniversityRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesindex. ISBN 978-0-13-612100-8 1. Management—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagessought to address a number of key questions that logically follow each other in the context of strategic marketing management: 1 Where are we now? 2 Where do we want to be? 3 How might we get there? 4 Which way is best? 5 How can we ensure arrival? The themes of planning, implementing and controlling marketing activities are reflected in the answers to these questions – as offered in the eighteen chapters which follow. The structure of the book is designed to take the reader through each of the questionsRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesabout Wiley products, visit our Web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Kerzner, Harold. Project management : case studies I Harold Kerzner. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-471-75167-0 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 0-471-75167-7 (pbk.) 1. Project management-Case stud ies. I. Title. Printed in the United States of America Contents Preface xi 1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES 1 Lakes Automotive 3 Fems HealthcareRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual

Influenced By Marxism And Imperialism - 915 Words

Influenced by Marxism and imperialism, Dependency writers sought to explain the high inequities in the world economic system in terms of its distribution of power and resources and places most nations in a dependent position in relation to the industrial powers. Dependency scholars basically believe that less-developed countries will be unable to develop because the rich world uses them as the equivalent of colonies. The major contention here is that the developing countries of the Global South are hindered in their developmental efforts by their association (economic) with the industrialized countries of the Global North. Prominent scholars here include: Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy (Monopoly Capitalism, 1957/1960; Fernando Henrique†¦show more content†¦Free trade with minimal state intervention is the key tenet of neoliberal ideas driving most international organizations. In the contemporary world characterized by open markets, US hegemony, international organizations, regional cooperations and large inflows of foreign aids and technologies in economically less developed states, national governments are increasingly constrained in formulating and implementing policies that are deemed appropriate for their citizens. I discuss below major developmental challenges in Africa (by extension other poor countries) which have roots in contemporary imperial relations with the West. These include: debt burdens, structural adjustment programmes, operations of multinational corporations and external aid. Debt Burden One of the greatest threats to development in most African countries is the huge debt stock and the cost of servicing it. Large-scale borrowing in the 60s and 70s (in a bid to ensure welfare of the citizens after colonialism) coupled with events in the world economy such as rising oil prices, rising interest rates, falling commodity prices and global recession led to the Debt crisis of the early 80s which left many poor countries with huge cost of servicing debts which still lingers today. Even with the debt relief initiative of the World Bank and IMF about two

The Assassination Of Julius Caesar By Michael Parenti

Nicholas Okada 10/21/14 APWH Period 4 Book Review: The Assassination of Julius Caesar by Michael Parenti In The Assassination of Julius Caesar, Michael Parenti highlights the many significant people and events that characterized the late Roman Republic. Specifically, he focuses on the time period between the election of Tiberius Grachus, to the rise of Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. In this account of history, Parenti presents the social, political, and economic aspects of the Roman culture from the perspective of the Roman commoner, or plebeian. Using this perspective, he also spends a great amount of time examining the causes and effects of the assassination of Julius Caesar. The views that Parenti presents in this book stand in sharp contrast with the views of many ancient and modern historians, and offer an interesting and enlightening perspective into class struggle in the society of the Roman republic. Michael Parenti is known internationally as an author, lecturer, and political analyst. He attended school in New York and Rhode Island, eventually receiving his Ph.D. in political science from Yale University. Parenti taught at many colleges and universities during his early career, but now mainly works as an analyst and author. The opinions he expresses in his lectures and books show that he believes in a form of marxism. He has written many books regarding American imperialism, the political bias of media, communism, and much more.1 In his introduction,Show MoreRelatedThe Assassination of Julius Caesar1768 Words   |  8 Pages Wendy Voong History 101 J.Duran 24 October 2014 The Assassination of Julius Caesar â€Å"The Assassination of Julius Caesar† by Michael Parenti goes into details about the events that lead up to the death of Caesar due to class conflicts. In 44 BC, the assassination of Julius Caesar was lead by conspiring members of the Roman senate who wanted to remove the dictator, who was increasingly acquiring power, and to revive the Republic government. Parentis book protestsRead MoreVincent Hoy 4/9/2014 Professor J. Duran History 101 / Spring 2014 Book Report Guide #1 A600 Words   |  3 PagesSpring 2014 Book Report Guide #1 A Perspective on Gentleman’s History In Michael Parenti’s, â€Å"The Assassination of Julius Caesar†, Parenti claims that Julius Caesar’s assassination was not an incident, and that his death would actually represent the war between the wealthy, powerful conservatives who call themselves, â€Å"gentleman historians† and positive supported lower-class citizens that believed in Caesar’s reforms. Since Caes ar was gaining such an incredible amount of power and support from his peopleRead MoreJulius Caesar : A Tragic Hero863 Words   |  4 PagesJulius Caesar is a well known piece of literature written by William Shakespeare in 1599. Within this play Julius Caesar is portrayed as a tragic hero. A tragic hero is defined as â€Å"the main character of a tragedy (who is) usually dignified, courageous, and high ranking† (Novel Study Guide). Also vital to defining a tragic hero is that, â€Å"the hero’s downfall is caused by a tragic flaw† (Novel Study Guide). It is evident that Julius Caesar in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar is a tragic hero given

Concept of Training and Development

Question: Describe about the concept of training and development. Answer: 1.0 Introduction Training is an important part of any organization Training helps an organization to uplift the technical skills of the organization to increase the productivity of the employees. Training is a regular teaching process to improve the capability of the organization (Bujaki and Durocher 2014). In this assignment, the researcher has thoroughly discussed the utilities of training in the airline industry. Training policies and their implementation are also thoroughly discussed by the researcher. In this assignment the researcher specifically discusses the Airline Company, Air India. 1.1 Background of the organization Air India is the third largest airline organization in India and carries a maximum number of passengers after Indigo and Jet Airways (Airindia.in 2016). The organization is fully owned by the government of India and is successfully running for over a period of 80 years (Airindia.in 2016). The organization was founded in the year 1931 as Tata Airlines. It started its career in the name of Air India since 1946. Headquarters of the organization is situated at Indian Airline House in New Delhi. The organization has carried outs it functions in various parts of the world and generates revenue of near about 2.9 US billion dollars (Airindia.in 2016). Air India has a fleet size of 108 aircraft which is made up of Air Bus and Boeing Aircraft. The organization has employee strength of over twenty-eight thousand employees who serves the people and the organization across eighty-four destinations(Airindia.in 2016). The organization has subsidiaries like Air India Express and Air India Regional. Recently the Star Alliance has been depicted as the alliance of Air India (Airindia.in 2016). 2.0 Concept of training and development According to Chaudhuri and Bartlett (2014), training is a process by which the present employees and the new joiners in an organization are taught in a certain way to enhance their skills. These skills will help them to perform their task effectively. It can also be said that training is an activity which increases the knowledge of the employees. Training is a method or activity by which human beings can be an expert in their task or jobs. Training can also be defined as a process of improving the skill of the employees in an organization. Development, on the other hand, can be said a step ahead of training. Development helps an employee to develop in all respect be it in knowledge, attitude or skills. The activities of development also improve the personality of individuals and help them to move towards maturity with full potential. Therefore, development not only creates a good employee but better men and women for the future. Development is an ongoing process whereas training is done in one-shot. Moreover, development also helps an individual to improve his or her different skills like decision making, problem solving and critical analysis. Training and development cannot be easily differentiated, but as a whole, it increases the team spirit of the organization and people. 3.0 Theories and models related to training in Air India Donald L Kirkpatrick was the President of American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) in the year 1975 (Chen and Chen 2012). He had introduced a training model to evaluate the training process. The name of the model was Kirkpatricks training and evaluation model and was introduced in the year 1959 (Chen and Chen 2012). The model is used to evaluate the effectiveness of training and development. The model has four steps. They are the reaction, learning, behavior, and results. Reaction level measures how the trainees reacted to the level of training. The trainees should feel that the training is valuable for them in the future. In Air India, the instructor teaches the trainees in the most efficient and easiest way. In this process, the reactions of the trainees are measured. The model is helpful for Air India to improve the level of training in the future. A close watch is also kept on the body language of the trainees to find out whether they are happy with the training or not. It is expected that the audience gives positive feedback to the training process. The Learning step is involved in measuring the knowledge of the trainees (Ferreira and Leite 2013). It is used to evaluate how much the trainees have learned and how the training has helped them. The training session of Air India has the main objective to make the customers happy. Learning can be identified in different ways depending on skills and attitudes. In the behavioral section, the behaviors of the trainees are evaluated. This determines whether the training process has induced a positive attitude in the minds of the trainees (Jayakumar and Sulthan 2014). Behavior can only change if there is a positive energy in the training process. The result is the final stage of the training model. In this step, the final result of the training process is analyzed. It is the acid test of the training model and finally gives the verdict whether the training was fruitful for the employees or not (Loeppke et al. 2015). 4.0 Employee training and development policies According to Nag and Das (2015), training and development are important for any organization. Air India has laid great stress on implementing proper training and development strategies. The training policies of Air India are created based on the vision and goals of the organization. The organization believes that human resource is the best asset for them and has taken steps for the development of the employees. The organization gives training to all the employees at regular intervals to uplift the quality of the workforce. Air India believes that the employees have a potential to grow, and training will help them to gain expertise in their respective field. A proper evaluation plan is also introduced by the organization to evaluate the position of the employees. As stated by Carvalho et al. (2016), Air India wants to empower the staff members and asks them to be a part of their ownership development. Line managers have a key role in developing the training project of the organization . Air India works with a good practice guideline and believes that the training should benefit both the employer and the employees. Air India always selects the training and development policies which are at par with their other competitors. According to Salas et al. (2012), health and safety training is also another major part of the training. The employees of the organization are always well aware of the safety measures. Such training focuses on how to use the oxygen mask and how to use the parachutes when an accident occurs in flight in the air. Training regarding first aid, safety and risk handling modules are properly provided to the employees. It is the role of the line manager to implement the training activities properly (Jacques 2013). Employees also have an opportunity where they can share their problems with the top management and can also give suggestions to the management. All these will help to maintain a proper balance between the employer and the employee. Air India always discusses with the employees and the top management before implementing any new initiatives in launching new training ideas (Sung and Choi 2014). The organization also reviews the training activities at regular intervals to identify whether it is enhancing their performance or not. New training and development policies are well communicated with the employees through companys internal notice and departmental training. Along with this, Air India does not create differences among the employees based on their gender, age or position. All the employees are treated equally within the organization. 4.1 Types and methods of training to the employees Air India mainly flights Air Bus and Air Craft (Airindia.in 2016). Training is given to the employees accordingly. Classroom training is provided to the employees. In classroom training, the employees are divided into a batch of 50 and experts come to train them. The experts share their experience with the employees and provide them information about the different activities in the different critical situation. On-job site training is the most preferred type of training given to the employees of Air India. According to Thayer (2012), on-job site training helps the employees to handle problems while they are on the job site. This will increase the experience of the employees, and they can use it in their future to prevent the awkward decision. In Job Rotation training, the job of the employees is rotated at a definite interval of time. This helps the employees of Air India to have knowledge of different activities which are performed within the organization (Ulfvengren and Corrigan 2015). It helps the employees of Air India to remove boredom and helps them to create rapport with different people. 5.0 Importance of training in airline industry According to Wilson (2013), training in the airline industry is essential. It helps the employees to strengthen different skills and enhance them for better productivity. Soft skill training helps the employees to interact with the customers politely. This will create a good will in the minds of the customers and will increase the revenue of the organization (Underhill 2013). A well-developed training will program will increase the skills and knowledge of the employees. This process will reduce weakness among the employees. Consistency is maintained in the performance of the individuals with the help of a structured training process. Consistency is relevant in the implementation of the basic policies and procedures of the organization (Bujaki and Durocher 2014). The employees are well aware of the different activities within the organization with the help of training process. The activities which the ground employees will be trained thoroughly during the training course, to -perform the required activities expected of them at the arrival of an Airbus to the airport. Training and development program organized by Air India is also an added advantage for the employees. In other airline industries, training is not always available. So it can be said that, the training process helps the employees to have job satisfaction. 6.0 Facilities provided by the organization According to Chaudhuri and Bartlett (2014), Air India thinks that the human resource is the main strength of the organization and they always focus on the welfare of the employees. The employees are paid according to their job role, and the problems of the employees are solved with care. Air India has a cheap canteen for their employees where the employees can have hygienic and good quality food at a cheap price (Sung and Choi 2014). Drinking water is safe and hygienic. The organization provides seating facilities for the employees whether they are in office or at the ground. A sufficient number of urinals and latrines are provided for all the employees. The toilets are always kept clean and fresh. Sufficient lighting facility is arranged to prevent danger, and the employees can perform their work properly. According to Salas et al. (2012), in Air India, the employees also have proper shift times, and the shifts are not elongated. This maintains a proper work balance of the employees. Adequate changing rooms are provided to the employees where they can change their dresses. Above all Air India also refreshes the minds of the employees by arranging fun and games. Air India also has a health care system where the employees can check their health twice a week free of cost. In the case of male employees paternity, leave is available for 20 days while females are provided with a maternity leave for 180 days (Airindia.in 2016). 7.0 Conclusion The researcher has thoroughly discussed the different training and development facilities for the employees in their organization. The training session helps the employees to have a proper idea of the activities of the organization. The training session includes on the job training and classroom training. Along with these, this study also discusses the facilities which the organization provides. The facilities include cheap canteen service along with hygienic food. References Airindia.in. (2016).Welcome to Air India. Bujaki, M. and Durocher, S. 2014, "Depreciation in the Canadian Airline Industry",Accounting Perspectives,vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 209-218. Chaudhuri, S. and Bartlett, K.R. 2014, "The relationship between training outsourcing and employee commitment to organization",Human Resource Development International,vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 145-163. Chen, S. and Chen, C. 2012, "Scale development of safety management system evaluation for the airline industry",Accident Analysis and Prevention,vol. 47, pp. 177-181. Ferreira, A.P. and Leite, R. 2013, "What you get is what you see? employees perception of training and development in portuguese organizations",Encontros Cientficos - Tourism and Management Studies,, no. 2 (Proceedings TMS Int. Conference 2012: Human Resources, pp. 396-406. G S David Sam Jayakumar and Sulthan, A. 2014, "Modelling: Employee Perception on Training and Development",SCMS Journal of Indian Management,vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 57. Loeppke, R.R., Hohn, T., Baase, C., Bunn, W.B., Burton, W.N., Eisenberg, B.S., Ennis, T., Fabius, R., Hawkins, R.J., Hudson, T.W. and Hymel, P.A., 2015. Integrating health and safety in the workplace: how closely aligning health and safety strategies can yield measurable benefits.Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,57(5), pp.585-597. Nag, D. and Das, N. 2015, "DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS TRAINING METHODS FOR ENHANCING THE EFFECTIVENESS AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT AMONG MICRO-ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA",Journal of Entrepreneurship Education,vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1. Ricardo J M de Carvalho, Maria C W Saldanha, Mario C R Vidal and Paulo V R Carvalho 2016, "Situated design of line-oriented flight training (LOFT): a case study in a Brazilian airline",Cognition, Technology and Work,vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 403. Salas, E., Tannenbaum, S.I., Kraiger, K. and Smith-Jentsch, K.A. 2012, "The Science of Training and Development in Organizations: What Matters in Practice",Psychological Science in the Public Interest,vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 74-101. Stager Jacques, L. 2013, "Borrowing From Professional Theatre Training to Build Essential Skills in Organization Development Consultants",The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 246-262. Sung, S.Y. and Choi, J.N. 2014, "Do organizations spend wisely on employees? Effects of training and development investments on learning and innovation in organizations: TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION",Journal of Organizational Behavior,vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 393-412. Thayer, P.W. 2012, "Commentary on The Science of Training and Development in Organizations: What Matters in Practice",Psychological Science in the Public Interest,vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 73-73. Ulfvengren, P. and Corrigan, S. 2015, "Development and Implementation of a Safety Management System in a Lean Airline",Cognition, Technology and Work,vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 219-236. Underhill, E., 2013. The challenge to workplace health and safety and the changing nature of work and the workplace environment.Australian workplace relations, pp.191-208. Wilson, J.D. 2013, "International Human Resource Development: Learning, Education and Training for Individuals and Organizations (3rd ed.), edited by John Peter Wilson. London, United Kingdom: Kogan Page Limited, 2012. ISBN: 978-0-7494-6106-5; E-ISBN: 978 0 7494 6107 2; 502: Media Review",Human Resource Development Quarterly,vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 561-566.

Stylistic Analysis Of A Cup Of Tea Essay Example For Students

Stylistic Analysis Of A Cup Of Tea Essay 1. Introduction To be honest, when I read the story, I thought how absurd this is. The first appearance of the story to me was just like this. But when I re- thought about some details I realised that the story is not that absurd. Above, it includes some social factors in it. And I think my assignment is going to be all about those details, because for me, truth always hides itself in details, so to analyse this story Im to deal with them. We will write a custom essay on Stylistic Analysis Of A Cup Of Tea specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 2. Summary of the story The story is all about Rosemary Fell, a rich, young and modern country woman and one of her shopping days. This day, and an extra-ordinary day it was, started after she got out from an antique shop with a little box in her mind, that she is planing to buy. What made this ordinary day, extra- ordinary came with a voice of a young, poor girl, Miss Smith. She was shyly asking money for a cup of tea. At the moment Rosemary couldnt believe her ears. How can someone doesnt have money, even for a cup of tea? She thought a little, and decided to make an invitation. She invited this young, poor girl to her home. After some insist, Miss Smith accepted this invitation. They went home and had some cup of tea, and chat for a while. It was a chat that mostly Rosemary talk and Miss Smith listen with tears in her eyes. Then Philip, the husband of Rosemary appeared. He was confused to see Miss Smith, because she is not like one of the other friends of Rosemary. Then he wanted to talk with her and they went to the library. They had a conversation about the poor girl. Philip thought this situation is ridiculous, besides, he thought that Miss Smith is beautiful and pretty. This thought of Philip shocked Rosemary. She didnt look to her as Philip did. After she got out from the library she decided to give some money to her and let her go. Jealousy was the only reason for this. 3. Ideational functions a. Rosemary as participant i Relational process We can both understand her physical and personal state from the story. Everybody seems to be cheerful to her and acts like she is the one and only. This lady is the most active role of the story. We even can say the story is based on her. There are some sentences used to describe her image. a. She was young, brilliant, extremely modern, exquisitely well dressed b. how charming her hands were against the blue velvet. ii. Mental process Mentally Rosemary is the organiser of the story, everything starts with her and so they finish with her. Her words are the commands for the others. For example, if she wants, Miss Smith to come home and have a cup of tea with her, Miss Smith must obey. Her commands are indeclinable. Although she seems to be philanthropic. I  think she is not, for me she is so selfish. a. It would be thrilling taking the poor girl home b. And she heard herself saying afterwards to the amazement of her friends I simply took her home with me c. Well keep it for me. Will you? Ill but the shop man had already bowed as though keeping it for her was all any human being can ask. He would be willing, of course, to keep it for her forever. Miss Smith as participant i Relational process She is the blur character of the story. Although we couldnt find information about her, she is the second important role. She appears to be young, poor, shy and pretty. But for me her main appearance is her tiredness. Besides, her personal or physical states are not that clear as Rosemarys. .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 , .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .postImageUrl , .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 , .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9:hover , .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9:visited , .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9:active { border:0!important; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9:active , .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Twelfth Night: refer closely to the text and show the love and pain that Orsino, Olivia and viola experience Essaya. said the girl and there was pain in her voice b. Battered creature with enormous eyes, someone quite young ii Mental process There seems to be nothing abut her mental process. From the beginning till the end she just did what she is said to. a. Wont you take off your hat? very good madam and the crushed hat was taken off b. The girl stayed just as she had been put Philip as participant i Relational process We can just guess his personal and physical state. We can say that, he is a gentleman and he is a nice guy. And I think he is charming. a. will Miss Smith excuse us b. Philip smiled his charming smile ii. Mental process I think, he exist in the story to make the final boom. Everything changes after his appearance. And he did this by saying: a. She is so astonishingly pretty b. she is absolutely lovely c. I was bowled over 4. Lexis Rosemary represent the rich in this story, and Miss Smith is the poor one. Depending to this situation, the words used to describe them are totally different. We can see that the words describing Rosemary are stronger than the words used for Miss Smith. The words for Rosemary are: brilliant, extremely modern, exquisitely well-dressed, quite presentable and amusing; and I think one word gives the clue of how Miss Smith look like: creature not even a human. As we understand these two women can also be described as powerful and weak. Rosemary has the power because she has the money, and money always brings power. Miss smith is poor, so she is weak. This situation has nothing to do with their characters, if we switch the places of these two women, this time Miss Smith will be the powerful one. I mean money = power . When we think that this story is written by a woman, we can understand why Philip thought pretty about Miss Smith. A man will never mind the social status, they always look to a woman within a different point of view pretty,  or not pretty thats the question! and this is the only thing they can think about, except football and cars. 5. Textual and interpersonal functions Rosemary proves her power in every dialogue. In her relationships, she is always the number one. She happen to be a commander. The first dialogue happens with the shop man and he seems like, he can do everything for Rosemary. But for me, the most important dialogue in the story is between Rosemary and Miss Smith. When I read that dialogue, a picture from my mind appeared in my eyes. I asked to myself , if I also had this kind of a dialogue, and I remember those homeless children, trying to sell me handkerchief. Just like Miss Smith, they are trying to be respectful to me. After I realised that, although I didnt want, I treated them just like Rosemary did to Miss Smith. I think, when one feels superior, this is inescapable. There is also another dialogue we can see between Philip and Rosemary. In that conversation, although Philip seems to be the stronger one, he could not change Rosemarys mind. And I guess there is no one in the world can change this kind of a womans mind, except love. 6. Conclusion Before making my conclusion, I read the stuff I wrote, and I saw, mainly I mentioned; how poor is Miss Smith and how rich is Rosemary, and their appearance as two different women. And within the light of these, Im happy to write: In conclusion, I can say that although a human is always a human, the instincts are always stronger than humanity. As we can see, at the very beginning, Rosemary was trying to be helpful to Miss Smith, but when jealousy came to the scene, she gave 3 pounds and simply kicked Miss Smith. I think this is the rule of the world, both in the wild animal life and in modern human life

Land Biomes - Tropical Rainforests

Land Biomes - Tropical Rainforests Biomes Biomes are the worlds major habitats. These habitats are identified by the vegetation and animals that populate them. The location of each land biome is determined by the regional climate. Tropical Rain Forests Tropical rainforests are characterized by dense vegetation, seasonally warm temperatures, and abundant rainfall. The animals that dwell here depend on trees for housing and food. Climate Tropical rain forests are very hot and wet. They can average between 6 and 30 feet of precipitation per year. The average temperature is fairly constant ranging from about 77 to 88 degrees Fahrenheit. Location Tropical rain forests are typically located in areas of the world that are near the equator. Locations include: Africa - Zaire basin and MadagascarCentral America - Amazon River BasinHawaiiWest IndiaSoutheast AsiaAustralia Vegetation A great variety of plants can be found in tropical rain forests. Enormous trees as tall as 150 feet tall form an umbrella canopy over the forest that blocks out the sunlight for plants in the lower canopy and forest floor. Some examples of rainforest plants include: kapok trees, palm trees, strangler fig trees, banana trees, orange trees, ferns, and orchids. Wildlife Tropical rain forests are home to the majority of plant and animal species in the world. Wildlife in the tropical rain forest is very diverse. Animals include a variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and insects. Examples are: monkeys, gorillas, jaguars, anteaters, lemurs, snakes, bats, frogs, butterflies, and ants. Rain forest creatures have characteristics such as bright colors, distinctive markings, and grasping appendages. These traits help the animals adapt to life in the rain forest.

Learning, Training and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Learning, Training and Development - Essay Example The paper describes individual learning. The individual gains personal growth which he/she uses to enhance performance and develop career. Sadler-Smith identifies various theories that underpin learning at an individual level. These consist of: cognitive, behaviourist, social learning, and situated learning theories. The cognitive theory implies that an individual acquires knowledge and problem solving skills that he/she transfers to new everyday jobs through mental processes. The behaviourist theory by Ivan Pavlov, Skinner and J.B Watson views learning as a reaction to stimuli and individuals differ in their rate of learning. The social learning theory by Bandura emphasizes learning through experience since individuals cannot rely on their own actions only. They learn by observing others and only demonstrate the learned behaviour when they expect a reward. Harri-Augstein and Thomas disagree that learning is ‘a conversational construction, reconstruction and exchange of persona lly significant, relevant and viable meanings with awareness and controlled purpossiveness’. The language of dialogue used in the conversation is in form of internal thought processes and external processes of communication with others which leads to purposeful enquiry and change in mental models. The role of training practitioners is therefore to facilitate the process of dialogue and enquiry. Group learning occurs as a result of collective individual learning. ... The behaviourist theory by Ivan Pavlov, Skinner and J.B Watson views learning as a reaction to stimuli and individuals differ in their rate of learning. The social learning theory by Bandura emphasizes learning through experience since individuals cannot rely on their own actions only. They learn by observing others and only display the learned behaviour when they expect a reward. Harri-Augstein and Thomas (1991) argue that learning is ‘a conversational construction, reconstruction and exchange of personally significant, relevant and viable meanings with awareness and controlled purpossiveness’ (329). The language of dialogue used in the conversation is in form of internal thought processes and external processes of communication with others which leads to purposeful enquiry and change in mental models. The role of training practitioners is therefore to facilitate the process of dialogue and enquiry. Group (Team) Learning Group learning occurs as a result of collective i ndividual learning. Sadler-Smith (2006) argues that learning takes place within a social framework of participation hence the need to learn as a group and work collectively to achieve a common objective. Since, employees learn from each other in the group, the group should comprise of individuals with different skills and are willing to share knowledge with other members (Fenwick, 2008). The teams should be committed, collaborative, and have good communication skills. However, the management has the role to keep the groups motivated so as to gain commitment and success by giving feedback, recognizing and rewarding performance and letting the group formulate its objectives.

Essay in International Relations Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

In International Relations - Essay Example There are proofs that women can positively influence political culture, political approaches, and political decisions when they are part of the decision-making process. Numerous women have been largely involved in international affairs as peacemakers; working with both parties in order to come up with a diplomatic solution; coordinating with other actors and inspiring other women to be vigorously involved. Almost all women seem to have a quite different view of violence, security, and peace than majority of men. Drude Dahlerup, an expert in feminist theory, believes that women’s political involvement should be considered a potential for change. With a greater number of women in power, there has, based on the Scandinavian policymakers she has talked with, been an entire array of political changes. Chenoy and Vanaik investigate women’s political status in South Asia. Their main objective is to find out whether changing the gender balance in major agencies responsible for conflict resolution, security, and peace will create opportunities for more nonviolent solution to conflicts. They claim that it is the realism principle which prevailed in the internal conflicts in the area and the relationship between Pakistan and India (Skjelsboek et al., 2001). The principle of realism believes in patriarchy, which further influence uncompromising ideas of womanhood (Steans et al., 2013). Chenoy and Vanaik believe that in order to transform the political environment there should be a new framework for international security, which should be rooted in the understanding that gender is a component of the political domain and is integral to state’s identity and the international community’s structure. Similarly, Samuel refers to the large number of complexities and inconsistencies that describe the participation of women in conflict resolution in Sri Lanka. Women’s status and roles in Sri Lanka have transformed because of the persistent conflict . The slaughter of men has brought about an increasing number of female-led households. Samuel thoroughly explained the numerous women’s efforts with regard to the arena of conflict resolution (Banerjee, 2008). Women’s associations have collaborated vigorously with human rights agencies. The organization ‘Women for Peace’ successfully mobilized an appeal asking for negotiations; this consequently resulted in the preliminary series of political discussions between the Tamil revolutionary leaders and government officials in 1984 (Banerjee, 2008). Samuel demonstrates the vital part that women and women’s organizations have fulfilled in conflict resolution operations, and emphasizing the value of having a greater number of women engaged in the process of decision-making. Slapsak, on the other hand, presents comprehensive cultural and historical information to understand how women responded to the Yugoslav war. She claims that throughout the war those in volved, especially women’s organizations, used ancient stories of being a masculinity and femininity (Bahun-Radunovic & Rajan, 2008). Her study shows that historically, and even literarily, women are viewed as equally strong leaders as men. The idea that relationships among nations would be more diplomatic or nonviolent if women occupy powerful positions focuses mainly on the conventional belief that women are less antagonistic or aggressive and, on the contrary, more peace-loving and compassionate gender (Bahun-Radunovic & Rajan, 2008). By studying the attitude and behavior of high-ranking women in the public and private sector, it may be logical to assume that women who occupied powerful positions exhibited masculine features, making the idea that women in power are more conciliatory and are peacemakers

Impact of Stigma on the Fight Against AIDS

Impact of Stigma on the Fight Against AIDS Stigma is an essential constraint in the fight against AIDS. Discuss. 1500 words. In 2008, the World Health Organization argued that ‘†¦HIV-related stigma and discrimination are often prevalent within health services, and are critical obstacles to provision and uptake of health sector interventions. Stigma and discrimination—often pervasive at all levels of society—sustain an environment where it is difficult for health services to attract the people who most need the interventions.’ (World Health Organization HIV/AIDS Department 2008: p.12) As the same organisation reports, every day, over 6,800 people become infected with HIV and over 5,700 die. This paper discusses the way in which the stigmatisation of Aids sufferers impedes understanding of their condition, and the ability of society to address the problem holistically. It argues that society has a tendency to vilify target groups over problematical and divisive health issues, and offers earlier examples of these practices . Commenting on preventative measures in South Africa, the World Health Organisation again points out that ‘†¦it is important to collect information on higher risk male-male sex, on sexual behaviour among sex workers, on both injecting behaviour and sexual behaviour among injecting drug users, and on sexual behaviours in other groups that may be at higher risk.’ (World Health Organisation 2008: p.14) Whilst their analysis is based on positivist evidence, the identification of certain groups as most at risk introduces the parallel risk that they will be perceived by others – as solely or especially responsible for the prevalence of the condition. The urge to discriminate against a range of social groups appears to be a very deep seated one in Western societies. As Rothman points out, ‘Individualsearn prestige on the basis of their own efforts†¦or personal attributes (physical attractiveness, intelligence), but there is also a powerful structural dimension to prestige.’ (Rothman 1993: p.12). How ever, certain social groups appear particularly vulnerable to stigmatisation around issues of sexuality and disease: HIV and AIDS sufferers, it may be argued, are the latest group to suffer the re-interpretation of such prejudice. It seems fair to argue therefore that the defeat of stigmatisation is instrumental in the eradication of HIV/AIDS, and almost as important as the medical phenomenon itself. As one commentator puts it, If AIDS is to be defeated, war must be waged against poverty, ignorance, stigmatisation, violence and promiscuity.’ (The Economist 2002). Historically speaking, social explanations and interpretations of disease have always been mediated through cultural perceptions, and frequently manipulated for political purposes. Dirt, disease, sexuality and danger were frequently and unfavourably juxtaposed in public discussions of epidemics, whether relating to sexually transmitted diseases or not. A common theme in such discourses is a moralising view of the infected, and an inference that their behaviour was a major contributory factor in the spread of the disease to others. For example, when Cholera struck nineteenth century Britain, which had not yet developed a germ-theory of disease, its spread was attributed to ‘noxious effluvias’, ‘poisonous vapours’ and ‘obnoxious atmospheres’ generated in the environment of the poor and labouring classes. (Jones 1992: p.38) It was they who were effectively stigmatised with the dissemination of the disease, despite its prevalence amongst all social groups. As Mort reports, the official response was ‘†¦to isolate the human sources of infection, subjecting them to a regime of compulsory inspection and detention, combined with propaganda to educate the poor into a regime of cleanliness and morality.’ (Mort 2000: p.13) Official efforts to limit prostitution focused exclusively on female sexuality through the notorious Contagious Diseases Acts, which exposed any woman within certain geographical areas to arbitrary arrest, medical examination and detention. A common theme in these scenarios, many of which were mirrored elsewhere, is the subjective location of societal health problems in the behaviour and identity of disempowered groups. In each instance – as in the case of HIV/AIDS, responsibility for wider societal ills is linked to a largely voiceless faction, who not only  have poor lateral integration into society, but also less than sympathetic media representation. These behaviours and attitudes are obviously culturally mediated, and vary according to the host society: there is, however, no shortage of empirical examples. In Jamaica, otherwise respected social platforms such as evangelical churches and political parties, as well as popular music celebrities, combine the fear of AIDS with virulent homophobic attitudes. ‘†¦Dance-hall music—todays reggae—blasts across Jamaica. Its lyrics are often direct exhortations to kill gay people, or others who displease the islands gangs. Jamaica Labour Party supporters tauntingly played â€Å"Chi Chi Man†, a song about killing and setting fire to gay men, at their rallies during the general election†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (The Economist 2004). Elsewhere, it has been shifting positions and indecision which have delayed an effective response. In Mozambique, educational programmes aimed at 14 year olds are of uncertain utility, because 40 per cent of the nation’s children do not attend school, and, as The Economist points out, ‘†¦their parents find it difficult to talk to them about sex. So do most public figures. Even ministers are loath to say they have taken a test. Rarely, if ever, does anyone famous admit to being HIV-positive.’ (The Economist 2002) This situation is mirrored in South Africa, where, as Campell et al. indicate ‘†¦many parents simply refuse to acknowledge the very possibility of youth sexuality†¦that their children are sexually active†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. (Campbell et al. 2006: p.132) The South African government has been engaged in a rearguard against international attitudes which, it felt, were unfairly slanted against its citizens. Recently however, it has rounded on the latter, admonishing those who it perceives as most responsible for the virulence of the disease. President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa said that ‘†¦You cant be going around having hugely promiscuous sex all over the place and hope that you wont be affected by something or the other.’ (The Economist 2002) Campbell et al. argue that such stigmatization is a form of ‘†¦Ã¢â‚¬ psychological policing†, where those who break power relations of gender and generation are disciplined and punished.’ (Campbell et al 2006: p.132). In Tanzania, Haram reports it is again women who are stigmatized in this way, through images of ‘defilement and displacement’: ‘†¦particular concern is directed towards the displacement of young†¦women, who m isuse their sexuality to achieve a†¦luxurious life , by luring wealthy†¦men†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Haram 2005: p.5) The overriding point here is that stigmatization, as much as mis-information and chimerical moral panics, are ultimately as damaging to those disseminating them as they are the stigmatized and abandoned victims of HIV/AIDS themselves. As Mort point out, ‘Two themes have surfaced repeatedly: competing understandings of perversion and normality and the social meanings attached to sexual acts and lifestyles.’ (Mort 2000: p.xviii) The obscuring and short-circuiting of accurate knowledge or effective counter measures merely ensures the continued presence of the infection in society, making it statistically certain that further innocent victims will fall prey to the disease. An analogy with earlier models of stigmatization illustrates this mechanism of self destruction. It was completely useless to persecute nineteenth century paupers and women as the sole sources of cholera or venereal disease, since this stood no chance of eliminating either condition. Similarly, the stigmat isation of women or the gay community cannot eliminate an HIV virus which is equally capable of infecting other social groups. In the twenty-first century, the social stigmatization of these groups overlooks the specificities of the condition, such as the growing convergence of HIV/TB epidemics. There are notable and laudable exceptions to these patterns of behaviour: for example, in Botswana, mining companies such as Debswana have introduced educational and non-discriminatory protocols as an operational strategy, not only for health, but for commercial survival. As The Economist points out, the company ‘†¦reckoned that if it did nothing, its mines would go the way of Zambias, which have to train four people for each skilled job in the knowledge that three will die. Even in 1997 the annual cost of AIDS per employee in the Botswana Diamond Valuing Company was calculated to be $237.’ (The Economist 2002) . As these pages were being written, the World Health Organization was attempting to polarize global attention and effort through an international AIDS effort, and focusing very much on prevention and understanding. First and foremost, we must do a much better job of prevention. This is the only way to get ahead and ensure an adequate long-term response. We u rgently need to scale up the use of proven context-specific prevention methods. We also need to expand linkages between sectors – for example, to introduce and scale up comprehensive sexuality education for young people.’ (Chan 2008). The problem is, as Haram argues, that such efforts need to be mediated through local knowledge, identifying the obstacles to behavioural change. (Haram 2005: p.9) Bibliography Campbell, C., Y.Nair, and S Maimane, (2006). Aids Stigma, Sexual Moralities and the Policing of Women and Youth in South Africa. Feminist Review 83 (Special Edition on Sexual Moralities). P. Chan, M., (2008), ‘HIV/AIDS: Universal Action Now’ World Health Organisation Website, INTERNET, available at http://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2008/20080803/en/index.html [viewed 5.1.08] Haram, L. (2005). AIDS and risk: The handling of uncertainty in northern Tanzania. Culture, Health and Sexuality 7 (1): 1-11. Jones, K., (1992), The Making of Social Policy in Britain, 1830-1990, Athlone Press, London. Mort, F., (2000), Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-Moral Politics in England since 1830, 2nd Edition, Routledge, London. Rothman, R., (1993), Inequality and Stratification: Class, Colour, and Gender, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Unattributed, ‘The Fear that Spreads Death’, The Economist, 25 Nov 2004, INTERNET, available at http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=3437101 [viewed 5.1.08] Unattributed, ‘Fighting back’, The Economist, 9th May 2002, INTERNET, available at http://www.economist.com/world/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TTNDTDJ [viewed 5.1.08] World Health Organization HIV/AIDS Department, (2008), Priority Interventions, HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care in the health sector, WHO. World Health Organization/Unaids/Unicef, (2008), Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV and AIDS: South Africa, INTERNET, available at http://www.who.int/globalatlas/predefinedReports/EFS2008/full/EFS2008_ZA.pdf [viewed 5.1.08]

Technology and Happiness in Civilization and Its Discontents and Waitin

Technology and Happiness in Civilization and Its Discontents and Waiting for Godot Happiness is something most humans value above everything else. The various things in life that make us happy, such as family, friends, and cool cars, to name a few, are the very things we hold dearest to us and place the most value on. People fill their lives with things that please them to ease the gloom that comes as a result of the seemingly never-ending trials and tribulations of life. We gladly accept any amount of pleasure we can extract from the monotony of our daily lives, and we will do almost anything to achieve happiness. Throughout Civilization and Its Discontents, Freud talks about happiness-why we don't have it and how to attain it. He blames civilization for people's general unhappiness. Civilization is obsessed with technology, figuring out how the world works, and controlling nature. This focus on and excess of technology and science may have advantages, but it also has many disadvantages, the main one being unhappiness. Civilization hinders man's instinctual drives. Man is born with these innate drives, and when he is not able to fulfill them, he becomes miserable. There are restrictions placed on the members of a society through cultural norms and beliefs. All these things put together add up to an unhappy society. Freud believes that aggression is a primal instinct, and civilization thwarts this instinct, making man unhappy. Civilized society controls man's tendency toward aggression through rules and laws and the presence of authority. These mechanisms are put in place to guarantee safety and happiness for all individuals in a society. However, the necessity of suppressing the aggressive drive in m... ...r us, and we will become lazy. What are we going to do all day if we have machines to make meals for us, to do our laundry, and to clean our houses? We would do nothing. We would become like Vladimir and Estragon in Waiting for Godot-we would be doing nothing more than existing, which we have seen does not bring much happiness. The fact that happiness is valuable is proven when one takes a look at the various aspects of an individual's life. Each person surrounds him/herself with the people and things that bring him/her the most pleasure. Our happiness is so important to us that we will do almost anything to be happy. While many people believe that technological advancements can bring happiness, there are too many problems that come along with these advancements that in the long run do not bring happiness. Better technology does not equal more happiness.

New Technology: Police Body Worn Cameras Essay

Our department is currently going to purchase new technology in the form of officer worn cameras. Over the next five years this technology will be put in place. The police department will see many benefits from this technology in the areas of evidence preservation, reduced liability and improved efficiency for the police department. The officer worn camera is a device that has become cost effective and efficient in size and capabilities. The camera is attached to the Officers uniform and allows the officer to capture video and audio of his activities throughout his tour of duty. This will be used to document traffic stops, consent searches and â€Å"res gestae† statements made to officers. The officer worn camera will reduce false allegations made against officers, and the investigative overhead that comes along with these allegations. The future benefits from the officer worn cameras in the reduction of liability to the city, the police department and the officer. According to Sir Ronnie Flanagan’s policing review published last week, not only do cameras provide improved evidence, they can also reduce the time taken to file incident reports by 22 per cent, which would give officers an extra 50 minutes of patrol time per officer per day, according to the report (Kelly, 2008) In this new era of budget shortfalls and diminished manpower this new technology can provide a more efficient police department by freeing up time that is normally spent on unnecessary investigations. Implementing reporting procedures using cameras and video can also reduce time spent on report writing duties. In Conclusion, the purchase of the officer worn cameras will reduce liability in cases where false accusations are made. Video statements can be used preserve evidence and the capability of reporting will create a more efficient police department. References: Foster, R. E. (2005). Police technology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Kelly, N. (2008). Police pilot body-worn cameras. Computing, 6. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/212414151?accountid=32521

Progressivism, The New Deal, And The Fair Deal - 1267 Words

An Overview of Progressivism, the New Deal, and the Fair Deal in the US Nameï ¼Å¡Xuan Wang Course: HIST 13C Date: 2017-08-26 The 20th century is one of the influential periods in the history of the United States. The period was characterized by the introduction of a wide range of policy frameworks with the purpose of bringing about necessary social and economic change. The government based interventions relied on the premise of ensuring that the country development was sustainable and equitable. The following is an evaluation of progressivism, the New Deal, and the Fair Deal, which had a significant impact in shaping the current status of the US. Even though different policy initiatives have been instrumental in modeling the US,†¦show more content†¦The New Deal had a rather different approach to the social and economic issues as its primary objective was through empowering people with adequate employment capacity and addressing the decreasing value of the US currency. Importantly, the New Deal initiative was initiated during the Great Depression in the 1930s; therefore, unlike the progressivism, this initiative was inclined towards reforming the lives of US citizens both socially and economically. Therefore, the creation of employment through government recruitment in various posts including firefighting and military was a major initiative of alleviating the crisis. Additionally, restoring public confidence in the government system was one of the essential approaches that would facilitate increased trust in the government, which was influenced through the enactment of monetary policy initiatives (Billington and Jackson 2017). Further, this reformative endeavor was characterized by the use of agricultural statutes to ensure that farmers in the rural areas were adequately empowered. Increasing the rate of employment would be vital in ensuring that the recovery was undertaken from a holistic point of view. 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