Key Issues Influencing Localization Commerce Essay

Key Issues Influencing Localization Commerce Essay The speed at which universal business happens has expanded generously and worldwide administrators need to respond all the more rapidly to financial, key and authoritative goals than in the past as it is increasingly exorbitant to commit errors today. The expense of turning around a choice because of the speed of worldwide business commits making such errors amazingly exorbitant as while firms fix issues, contenders flood ahead. Normalization of MNCs is generally characterized as normalization of auxiliaries towards following in accordance with HQ rehearses. Effective chains, for example, Mc Donalds have normalized items and the board rehearses over the world and simultaneously taking into account a neighborhood adjustment to the practices to suit nearby needs. Most MNCs ordinarily limit their showcasing, advancement and conveyance rehearses despite the fact that they have a worldwide promoting procedure. Reconciliation/responsiveness banter can't be settled by pronouncing one positi on increasingly significant that the other (Bartlett Goshal). To be really effective in the globalized world, MNC are required to adjust between the two. Worldwide organizations must conclude whether to deal with their auxiliaries dependent on neighborhood culture or to make them all in accordance with the worldwide normalization and choose which course is progressively powerful and proficient for them. MNCs have significant points of interest contrasted with nearby based organizations as they have past understanding from home nations and administrative information and spread prescribed procedures around the globe (Martin Beaumont, 1998). Host nations anyway represent a few new factors that directors must consider to balance the impact of normalization (Quintanilla and Ferner, 2003). Changes in the vital direction of MNCs as reflected in expanded degrees of interdependencies between hierarchical (sub-) units will therefore depend on IHRM to help accomplish this parity. HR the board is viewed as the most delicate to nearby setting (Gooderham et al. 1999). Weights to embrace worldwide procedures require more significant level of worldwide intergration of key HRM - forms. Numerous MNCs have moved towards all the more profoundly incorporating these HRM rehearses however face obstruction because of nearby culture, enactment and custom (Lindohlm et al. 1999). Various ways to deal with HRM in MNCs are firmly identified with worldwide procedures of the firm (Downling et a. 1999; Scullion 1999). For instance, organizations with an ethnocentric methodology award little capacity to their outside auxiliaries and key positions are satisfied with PNC nationals, i.e exiles. For instance, Eons key staff in Malaysia are satisfied by Japanese ostracizes. Then again organizations with polycentric approaches permit significant choices to be made by neighborhood workers and key positions are held by nearby staff. This prompts increasingly limited arrangements in the HR M. Regiocentric and geocentric methodologies are comparative where key positions and arrangements are chosen by staff of a similar area or area. The key issue is the degree to which MNCs should take their worldwide joining (normalization) versus nearby responsiveness. Worldwide administration is muddled because of the measurements in question and the troublesome issues of methodology plan and usage. Worldwide chiefs anyway need to distinguish the open doors covered up in the complexities of such global circumstances. This paper will be isolated into two sections, the first looks at the key issues that impact the level of limitation. Besides, the paper looks at worldwide methodologies towards expanding worldwide normalization of HRM while adjusting limitation so as not to bargain neighborhood responsiveness. In the two sections, the paper will go look at the job HRM plays towards accomplishing normalization and confinement. Thirdly, it will analyze circumstances of when best to move towards restriction as opposed to normalization and the other way around. 2.0 Key issues impacting restriction Unmistakable nearby culture and inspiration for neighborhood workers may not be like that of the nation of origin making it hard to apply comparative motivating forces and anticipate a similar result. Hofstede depicted national culture as the aggregate mental programming which recognizes one country from another. The issue is how much impact social contrasts would bring to the working environment. Various methodologies towards community and individualistic societies, as indicated by Hofstedes will make various exchange focuses for supervisors to consider. A few societies are individualistic where filling in as an individual is more acknowledges while some are collectivist. Human asset the executives has viewpoints that are lawfully and socially dictated by the host nation however is as yet liable for the procedure and usage plan (Stone, 2008). It along these lines must figure out what kind of technique would work in the host nation. For instance, in Hong Kong as a proportion of decre asing staff turnover, HRM offered a $1000 increase towards a dental arrangement, accordingly the companys turnover diminished by 4% (Medland, 2004). While such a recommendation may not work across different nations, it demonstrates that directors should know about the various inspirations in various nations and why pay and work conditions ought not be normalized in MNCs. Examination should be done to distinguish inspirations like the dental work conspire in Hong Kong. There are three alternate points of view for getting decent variety: the social viewpoint, the institutional viewpoint and the system point of view (Evans et al. 2002). In the social point of view, people are refined through a socialization procedure where they impart qualities and convictions with which he uses to decipher the world otherwise called mental programming (Hofstede 1985). It is in this way improper to take the board rehearses created in one culture and apply them on another and anticipate similar outcomes (Hofstede, 1985). Social contrasts should be considered, as a portion of these practices may not be generally welcomed in the new auxiliary. Individuals from that auxiliary may see these sort of practices as irregular and it may not be generally welcomed and lead to sudden outcomes thwarting a subsidiarys execution. From the social point of view broad worldwide normalization of HRM-rehearses, won't be a simple fit between hierarchical practices and the nearby culture. Be that as it may, the social viewpoint doesn't consider the capacity of individuals from various societies adjusting to outside practices (Evans et al. 2002). The institutional point of view takes a more extensive perspective on the national setting where it distinguishes that the way to understanding business in an outside nation lies in the relationships between's money related, training, lawful, financial, and political frameworks (Evans et al. 2002). The degrees to which MNCs can actualize their worldwide measures are intently attached to the idea of these foundations. For instance, the relative quality or shortcoming of these establishments in applying effect on the capacity of a MNC to import its own ways to deal with HRM. This is regularly the situation when MNCs attempt to place ostracizes in key positions leaving neighborhood staff in the more modest positions. Regularly these foundations will apply impact and move towards constraining MNCs to prepare or utilize staff to fill such positions. The system point of view shows that MNCs are not just impacted by the accepted practices and societies of their nation of origin yet in addition by industry guidelines (Evans et al. 2002). This impacts the measure of normalization ready to be executed by MNCs or powers them to give such normalization. The social and institutional point of view help distinguish the confinement needs inside the HRM-work; the system viewpoint recognizes the job of interorganizational arranges in characterizing the idea of enterprises and authoritative practices. Key purposes behind a limitation approach inside HRM incorporate issues, for example, being receptive to the neighborhood specialists and foundations. Staying aware of general feeling by giving advantages to the neighborhood masses, for example, openings for work and giving a more elevated level of hierarchical duty among local people are additionally prime purposes behind limitation of HRM rehearses (Evans et al 2002). In any case, there are frequently issues with this as finding reasonable up-and-comers with the fundamental abilities may demonstrate troublesome. For instance in China, a significant issue is the absence of appropriate up-and-comers given a deficiency of finding mid-level and top-level administration. http://www.bizresearchpapers.com/17[1].Plessis.pdf 3.0 Global methodologies toward expanding worldwide normalization A significant issue that universal supervisors face is powers that require both nearby responsiveness and worldwide incorporation of auxiliaries with the general structure of a MNE. MNEs must discover approaches to consolidate their firm-explicit capacities with neighborhood information to make the best incentive to suit the nearby culture and its needs. A few auxiliaries have made a layer where they have been secluded from the general structure of a MNE that it is probably not going to participate and impart information to different units of the MNE. This is especially the situation where auxiliaries have contended with one another for assets from central command which advance between unit contention (Fairclough and Boussebaa, 2010). MNes need to utilize the qualities of its inward system set up over its auxiliaries. Administrators need to boost similarity among interior specialists and boost coordination between its inward operators. The test for worldwide administrators is to cult ivate a feeling of coopetition between these auxiliaries and planning control structure to execute to encourage this relationship. Whenever planned mistakenly, these structures can possibly make an irreconcilable circumstance in the auxiliary, making it center its assets to its own advantage instead of that of its parent compan

The Google Maps Road Rally Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Google Maps Road Rally - Essay Example Austin spreads into 271.8 squares miles in which 6.9 square miles possesses the water. Austin is situated close to Colorado River alongside three delightful counterfeit lakes prefixing with lake named as Bird Lake, Austin, and Walter E. Long. Google maps give the area of lake Austin as appeared in the underneath figure from the site of Google maps in the wake of zooming the area. There is wonderful wildflower knoll and bush/sapling living space is advancing as the trees develop in stretch of riverbank other than Colorado River. Different species is likewise indicating nearness. Natural decent variety, better water quality, improvement in oxygen level and flood control is additionally useful keeping up practical environment in zone. The repository made in 1939 backings the power age and flood control estimation in the territory. Mount Bonnell is somewhere else of enthusiasm for the region of Lake Austin to fill in as watchtower for the city tenants. This serves to give touring to the guests from the tallness of 780-feet with moniker Covert Park in the region of 5.36 sections of land to appreciate the nature’s magnificence present in encompassing slopes (â€Å"Google Maps†). Populace of city is commanded by 63.7% of White Americans in which 49.9% are non-Hispanic as indicated by the overview of 2005-07. The Hispanic populace adds to the 30.5% of the populace. Climate state of city underpins the commonness of subtropical damp atmosphere that can give radiant days across more often than not in the year. Snowfalls are uncommon however, it happens at the interim of two years. City organization includes the individual from gathering to keep up the administration and law in the Austin. Politically the city stays isolated into the gatherings of preservationist and advertisers of urban progression (â€Å"Google Maps†). Monetarily Austin stays one of the flourishing city of the US going about as center for cutting edge organizations including IT monsters, for example, Dell, IBM, Motorola, HP, Apple. College of Texas stays one

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Attend KelloggLearn to Ski

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Attend KelloggLearn to Ski When you think “skiing,” you probably think of the Alps or the Rockies. We are guessing that you do not think of Evanston, Illinois, home of the Kellogg School of Management. Well, students may not do their skiing in Evanston proper, but a remarkable 750+ first- and second-year students participate in  Kelloggs annual ski trip, which, according to students we interviewed, is “the largest group ski booking in the country.” This student-run trip, organized by Kelloggs Ski and Snowboard Club, has been held at Steamboat in Colorado, Whistler in British Columbia, Canada, and other top skiing locales.  For the 2011 trip, the participating students traveled to Telluride, Colorado, where they stayed in mountainside condos. Students who wish to ski can avail themselves of three-, four- or even five-day passes, while nonskiers can enjoy activities such as cooking classes, snowshoe lessons and spa treatments (at reduced prices). The 2012 trip will be held at the Steamboat Resort in Colo rado December 15-21. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids Northwestern University (Kellogg)

Theme Of Family Dysfunction In As I Lay Dying - 1023 Words

In As I Lay Dying, by William Faulkner the reader gets to see how hard life is for the Bundren family. The Bundren’s face many obstacles throughout the book and somehow manage to come through most of them okay. The family fulfills their desires along the way to relieve them of these struggles. The main theme in As I Lay Dying is family dysfunction, and this family dysfunction leads to Darl’s insanity. Family Dysfunction is the main theme in As I Lay Dying. The reader can see this from the beginning when Cash is building a coffin outside his mother’s window, where she can see it. Surprisingly, Addie does not seem offended of her son building her casket outside the window. Right before she dies, she asks her husband to do her a favor and†¦show more content†¦The reader can see when Vardaman wants a toy train because he says, â€Å"The train is behind the glass, red on the track† (66). Cash wants to buy a record player. They buy cement to put over Cash’s leg instead of bandaging it up. Later, Anse sells Jewel’s beloved horse in order to buy a new team of mules. Another example, is when Addie speaks. She speaks to reveal her selfishness. She admits to having an extramarital affair with the local preacher, who is Jewel’s biological father. The reader can see this when Addie says, â€Å"I gave Anse Dewey Dell to negative Jewel. Then I gave hi m Vardaman to replace the child I had robbed him of† (176). Further, Addie admits that she wants to be buried in Jefferson because she wants to spend eternity as far away from the Bundren’s as possible. Poor or no communication creates intense barriers of misunderstanding and resentment between family members. Particularly between siblings who are rivals fighting for their mother’s love. Personal needs trump familial duties, though these selfish acts are masked with the pretense of devotion. The Bundren family’s journey to Jefferson is driven by familial duty, not by familial love. This family dysfunction throughout the book helps develop the character of Darl. Was Darl’s motive in burning the barn simply an indication of his madness? Or was he motivated by all the sacrifices everybody made to get his mother’s rotten body to Jefferson? Probably in Darl’s mind that was aShow MoreRelatedSymbolism in as I Lay Dying1066 Words   |  5 Pa gesAs I Lay Dying Essay In the novel As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner each chapter is written through a different characters perspective. The book follows the Bundrens family on their journey to fulfill Addies dying wish. There were many motifs and themes throughout the book but one of the most important ones was the use of symbolism. Cashs tools and Anses farm equipment symbolizing their stability becomes threatened from the carelessness of the Bundrens journey. The coffin stood the burdenRead MoreEssay on The Symbolism of Moseley in As I Lay Dying569 Words   |  3 Pages In William Faulkners As I Lay Dying, Moseley provides the reader an escape from the delusional world of the Bundrens and a glimpse of society, as it should be. Appearing only once in the novel, the elderly pharmacist is essential in emphasizing Faulkners theme of moral values over self-seeking voracity in that he defends what he knows is right at all costs. Moseley is introduced in the small town of Mottson, where Dewey Dell wanders into his drugstore store with ten dollars from Lafe, and theRead MoreWilliam Faulkner s As I Lay Dying1671 Words   |  7 PagesNoncommunication in As I Lay Dying William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying is a novel originally published in 1930 depicting a rural family of seven from Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, who are awaiting the impending death of the mother figure, Addie Bundren. She has procured a promise from her husband, Anse, to take her body to her hometown of Jefferson, Mississippi for burial, a forty-mile distance. Upon her death, the family places her body into a homemade coffin, loads it onto a mule-pulled farmRead More`` The Day They Tied Me Up ``3896 Words   |  16 Pagesautobiographical poems mostly of sexual or violent nature and personal experience. She particularly resonates with women readers and women’s connections with family members and lovers of the past and present through physical, sexual, and emotional means. She writes frequently about her sadistic, alcoholic father and victimized mother. Her dysfunctional family plays an enormous role in her poetry, especially in â€Å"The Day They Tied Me Up.† This poem is inspired by true events and the feelings and emotions feltRead MoreCialis Case Essay9153 Words   |  37 Pagesallow it to pursue a broad market. ED-A Treatable Medical Condition When Pfizer created a little blue pill called Viagra, it produced a widely used oral treatment for a medical condition rarely discussed in public-male impotence, or erectile dysfunction (ED). For men who suffer from ED, the process by which increased blood can flow to tissue necessary for attaining an erection is impaired . Most cases of ED are associated with another medical disease, certain medications, or lifestyle factors suchRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 PagesClark. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 1-57230-963-6 ISBN-13: 978-1-57230-963-0 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59385-375-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-59385-375-4 (paperback) 1. Cognitive therapy. 2. Obsessive–compulsive disorder. I. Title. RC489.C63C57 2004 616.85†²2270651—dc22 2003020283 To my parents, Albert and Ardith, for their support and encouragement About the Author About the Author David A. Clark, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Psychology, UniversityRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesindex. ISBN 978-0-13-612100-8 1. Management—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagessought to address a number of key questions that logically follow each other in the context of strategic marketing management: 1 Where are we now? 2 Where do we want to be? 3 How might we get there? 4 Which way is best? 5 How can we ensure arrival? The themes of planning, implementing and controlling marketing activities are reflected in the answers to these questions – as offered in the eighteen chapters which follow. The structure of the book is designed to take the reader through each of the questionsRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesabout Wiley products, visit our Web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Kerzner, Harold. Project management : case studies I Harold Kerzner. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-471-75167-0 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 0-471-75167-7 (pbk.) 1. Project management-Case stud ies. I. Title. Printed in the United States of America Contents Preface xi 1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES 1 Lakes Automotive 3 Fems HealthcareRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual

Influenced By Marxism And Imperialism - 915 Words

Influenced by Marxism and imperialism, Dependency writers sought to explain the high inequities in the world economic system in terms of its distribution of power and resources and places most nations in a dependent position in relation to the industrial powers. Dependency scholars basically believe that less-developed countries will be unable to develop because the rich world uses them as the equivalent of colonies. The major contention here is that the developing countries of the Global South are hindered in their developmental efforts by their association (economic) with the industrialized countries of the Global North. Prominent scholars here include: Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy (Monopoly Capitalism, 1957/1960; Fernando Henrique†¦show more content†¦Free trade with minimal state intervention is the key tenet of neoliberal ideas driving most international organizations. In the contemporary world characterized by open markets, US hegemony, international organizations, regional cooperations and large inflows of foreign aids and technologies in economically less developed states, national governments are increasingly constrained in formulating and implementing policies that are deemed appropriate for their citizens. I discuss below major developmental challenges in Africa (by extension other poor countries) which have roots in contemporary imperial relations with the West. These include: debt burdens, structural adjustment programmes, operations of multinational corporations and external aid. Debt Burden One of the greatest threats to development in most African countries is the huge debt stock and the cost of servicing it. Large-scale borrowing in the 60s and 70s (in a bid to ensure welfare of the citizens after colonialism) coupled with events in the world economy such as rising oil prices, rising interest rates, falling commodity prices and global recession led to the Debt crisis of the early 80s which left many poor countries with huge cost of servicing debts which still lingers today. Even with the debt relief initiative of the World Bank and IMF about two

The Assassination Of Julius Caesar By Michael Parenti

Nicholas Okada 10/21/14 APWH Period 4 Book Review: The Assassination of Julius Caesar by Michael Parenti In The Assassination of Julius Caesar, Michael Parenti highlights the many significant people and events that characterized the late Roman Republic. Specifically, he focuses on the time period between the election of Tiberius Grachus, to the rise of Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. In this account of history, Parenti presents the social, political, and economic aspects of the Roman culture from the perspective of the Roman commoner, or plebeian. Using this perspective, he also spends a great amount of time examining the causes and effects of the assassination of Julius Caesar. The views that Parenti presents in this book stand in sharp contrast with the views of many ancient and modern historians, and offer an interesting and enlightening perspective into class struggle in the society of the Roman republic. Michael Parenti is known internationally as an author, lecturer, and political analyst. He attended school in New York and Rhode Island, eventually receiving his Ph.D. in political science from Yale University. Parenti taught at many colleges and universities during his early career, but now mainly works as an analyst and author. The opinions he expresses in his lectures and books show that he believes in a form of marxism. He has written many books regarding American imperialism, the political bias of media, communism, and much more.1 In his introduction,Show MoreRelatedThe Assassination of Julius Caesar1768 Words   |  8 Pages Wendy Voong History 101 J.Duran 24 October 2014 The Assassination of Julius Caesar â€Å"The Assassination of Julius Caesar† by Michael Parenti goes into details about the events that lead up to the death of Caesar due to class conflicts. In 44 BC, the assassination of Julius Caesar was lead by conspiring members of the Roman senate who wanted to remove the dictator, who was increasingly acquiring power, and to revive the Republic government. Parentis book protestsRead MoreVincent Hoy 4/9/2014 Professor J. Duran History 101 / Spring 2014 Book Report Guide #1 A600 Words   |  3 PagesSpring 2014 Book Report Guide #1 A Perspective on Gentleman’s History In Michael Parenti’s, â€Å"The Assassination of Julius Caesar†, Parenti claims that Julius Caesar’s assassination was not an incident, and that his death would actually represent the war between the wealthy, powerful conservatives who call themselves, â€Å"gentleman historians† and positive supported lower-class citizens that believed in Caesar’s reforms. Since Caes ar was gaining such an incredible amount of power and support from his peopleRead MoreJulius Caesar : A Tragic Hero863 Words   |  4 PagesJulius Caesar is a well known piece of literature written by William Shakespeare in 1599. Within this play Julius Caesar is portrayed as a tragic hero. A tragic hero is defined as â€Å"the main character of a tragedy (who is) usually dignified, courageous, and high ranking† (Novel Study Guide). Also vital to defining a tragic hero is that, â€Å"the hero’s downfall is caused by a tragic flaw† (Novel Study Guide). It is evident that Julius Caesar in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar is a tragic hero given

Concept of Training and Development

Question: Describe about the concept of training and development. Answer: 1.0 Introduction Training is an important part of any organization Training helps an organization to uplift the technical skills of the organization to increase the productivity of the employees. Training is a regular teaching process to improve the capability of the organization (Bujaki and Durocher 2014). In this assignment, the researcher has thoroughly discussed the utilities of training in the airline industry. Training policies and their implementation are also thoroughly discussed by the researcher. In this assignment the researcher specifically discusses the Airline Company, Air India. 1.1 Background of the organization Air India is the third largest airline organization in India and carries a maximum number of passengers after Indigo and Jet Airways (Airindia.in 2016). The organization is fully owned by the government of India and is successfully running for over a period of 80 years (Airindia.in 2016). The organization was founded in the year 1931 as Tata Airlines. It started its career in the name of Air India since 1946. Headquarters of the organization is situated at Indian Airline House in New Delhi. The organization has carried outs it functions in various parts of the world and generates revenue of near about 2.9 US billion dollars (Airindia.in 2016). Air India has a fleet size of 108 aircraft which is made up of Air Bus and Boeing Aircraft. The organization has employee strength of over twenty-eight thousand employees who serves the people and the organization across eighty-four destinations(Airindia.in 2016). The organization has subsidiaries like Air India Express and Air India Regional. Recently the Star Alliance has been depicted as the alliance of Air India (Airindia.in 2016). 2.0 Concept of training and development According to Chaudhuri and Bartlett (2014), training is a process by which the present employees and the new joiners in an organization are taught in a certain way to enhance their skills. These skills will help them to perform their task effectively. It can also be said that training is an activity which increases the knowledge of the employees. Training is a method or activity by which human beings can be an expert in their task or jobs. Training can also be defined as a process of improving the skill of the employees in an organization. Development, on the other hand, can be said a step ahead of training. Development helps an employee to develop in all respect be it in knowledge, attitude or skills. The activities of development also improve the personality of individuals and help them to move towards maturity with full potential. Therefore, development not only creates a good employee but better men and women for the future. Development is an ongoing process whereas training is done in one-shot. Moreover, development also helps an individual to improve his or her different skills like decision making, problem solving and critical analysis. Training and development cannot be easily differentiated, but as a whole, it increases the team spirit of the organization and people. 3.0 Theories and models related to training in Air India Donald L Kirkpatrick was the President of American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) in the year 1975 (Chen and Chen 2012). He had introduced a training model to evaluate the training process. The name of the model was Kirkpatricks training and evaluation model and was introduced in the year 1959 (Chen and Chen 2012). The model is used to evaluate the effectiveness of training and development. The model has four steps. They are the reaction, learning, behavior, and results. Reaction level measures how the trainees reacted to the level of training. The trainees should feel that the training is valuable for them in the future. In Air India, the instructor teaches the trainees in the most efficient and easiest way. In this process, the reactions of the trainees are measured. The model is helpful for Air India to improve the level of training in the future. A close watch is also kept on the body language of the trainees to find out whether they are happy with the training or not. It is expected that the audience gives positive feedback to the training process. The Learning step is involved in measuring the knowledge of the trainees (Ferreira and Leite 2013). It is used to evaluate how much the trainees have learned and how the training has helped them. The training session of Air India has the main objective to make the customers happy. Learning can be identified in different ways depending on skills and attitudes. In the behavioral section, the behaviors of the trainees are evaluated. This determines whether the training process has induced a positive attitude in the minds of the trainees (Jayakumar and Sulthan 2014). Behavior can only change if there is a positive energy in the training process. The result is the final stage of the training model. In this step, the final result of the training process is analyzed. It is the acid test of the training model and finally gives the verdict whether the training was fruitful for the employees or not (Loeppke et al. 2015). 4.0 Employee training and development policies According to Nag and Das (2015), training and development are important for any organization. Air India has laid great stress on implementing proper training and development strategies. The training policies of Air India are created based on the vision and goals of the organization. The organization believes that human resource is the best asset for them and has taken steps for the development of the employees. The organization gives training to all the employees at regular intervals to uplift the quality of the workforce. Air India believes that the employees have a potential to grow, and training will help them to gain expertise in their respective field. A proper evaluation plan is also introduced by the organization to evaluate the position of the employees. As stated by Carvalho et al. (2016), Air India wants to empower the staff members and asks them to be a part of their ownership development. Line managers have a key role in developing the training project of the organization . Air India works with a good practice guideline and believes that the training should benefit both the employer and the employees. Air India always selects the training and development policies which are at par with their other competitors. According to Salas et al. (2012), health and safety training is also another major part of the training. The employees of the organization are always well aware of the safety measures. Such training focuses on how to use the oxygen mask and how to use the parachutes when an accident occurs in flight in the air. Training regarding first aid, safety and risk handling modules are properly provided to the employees. It is the role of the line manager to implement the training activities properly (Jacques 2013). Employees also have an opportunity where they can share their problems with the top management and can also give suggestions to the management. All these will help to maintain a proper balance between the employer and the employee. Air India always discusses with the employees and the top management before implementing any new initiatives in launching new training ideas (Sung and Choi 2014). The organization also reviews the training activities at regular intervals to identify whether it is enhancing their performance or not. New training and development policies are well communicated with the employees through companys internal notice and departmental training. Along with this, Air India does not create differences among the employees based on their gender, age or position. All the employees are treated equally within the organization. 4.1 Types and methods of training to the employees Air India mainly flights Air Bus and Air Craft (Airindia.in 2016). Training is given to the employees accordingly. Classroom training is provided to the employees. In classroom training, the employees are divided into a batch of 50 and experts come to train them. The experts share their experience with the employees and provide them information about the different activities in the different critical situation. On-job site training is the most preferred type of training given to the employees of Air India. According to Thayer (2012), on-job site training helps the employees to handle problems while they are on the job site. This will increase the experience of the employees, and they can use it in their future to prevent the awkward decision. In Job Rotation training, the job of the employees is rotated at a definite interval of time. This helps the employees of Air India to have knowledge of different activities which are performed within the organization (Ulfvengren and Corrigan 2015). It helps the employees of Air India to remove boredom and helps them to create rapport with different people. 5.0 Importance of training in airline industry According to Wilson (2013), training in the airline industry is essential. It helps the employees to strengthen different skills and enhance them for better productivity. Soft skill training helps the employees to interact with the customers politely. This will create a good will in the minds of the customers and will increase the revenue of the organization (Underhill 2013). A well-developed training will program will increase the skills and knowledge of the employees. This process will reduce weakness among the employees. Consistency is maintained in the performance of the individuals with the help of a structured training process. Consistency is relevant in the implementation of the basic policies and procedures of the organization (Bujaki and Durocher 2014). The employees are well aware of the different activities within the organization with the help of training process. The activities which the ground employees will be trained thoroughly during the training course, to -perform the required activities expected of them at the arrival of an Airbus to the airport. Training and development program organized by Air India is also an added advantage for the employees. In other airline industries, training is not always available. So it can be said that, the training process helps the employees to have job satisfaction. 6.0 Facilities provided by the organization According to Chaudhuri and Bartlett (2014), Air India thinks that the human resource is the main strength of the organization and they always focus on the welfare of the employees. The employees are paid according to their job role, and the problems of the employees are solved with care. Air India has a cheap canteen for their employees where the employees can have hygienic and good quality food at a cheap price (Sung and Choi 2014). Drinking water is safe and hygienic. The organization provides seating facilities for the employees whether they are in office or at the ground. A sufficient number of urinals and latrines are provided for all the employees. The toilets are always kept clean and fresh. Sufficient lighting facility is arranged to prevent danger, and the employees can perform their work properly. According to Salas et al. (2012), in Air India, the employees also have proper shift times, and the shifts are not elongated. This maintains a proper work balance of the employees. Adequate changing rooms are provided to the employees where they can change their dresses. Above all Air India also refreshes the minds of the employees by arranging fun and games. Air India also has a health care system where the employees can check their health twice a week free of cost. In the case of male employees paternity, leave is available for 20 days while females are provided with a maternity leave for 180 days (Airindia.in 2016). 7.0 Conclusion The researcher has thoroughly discussed the different training and development facilities for the employees in their organization. The training session helps the employees to have a proper idea of the activities of the organization. The training session includes on the job training and classroom training. 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